{"podcast":{"title":"Dr. John Campbell","slug":"dr-john-campbell-7851784","podcast_index_feed_id":7851784,"rss_url":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/VG9554039150","website_url":null,"image_url":"https://megaphone.imgix.net/podcasts/7a133470-32e4-11f1-ae26-ef5a830a5f06/image/aacd596ff9b51467520b0238cfcd1c87.png?ixlib=rails-4.3.1&max-w=3000&max-h=3000&fit=crop&auto=format,compress","author":"Campbellteaching","episode_count":480,"summary":"Hello Everyone, My name is John Campbell and I am a retired Nurse Teacher and former clinical nurse based in England. I also do some teaching in Asia and Africa when time permits. These videos are to help students to learn the background to all forms of health care. My PhD focused on the development of open learning resources for nurses nationally and internationally. LinkedIn profile, https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-john-campbell-5256223b/ Twitter, https://twitter.com/Johnincarlisle Disclaimer; These media including videos, book, e book, articles, podcasts are not peer-reviewed. They should never replace individual clinical judgement from your own health care provider. No media-based material on this channel is suitable for using as professional medical advice. All comments are also for educational purposed only and must never replace advice from your own health care provider","last_synced_at":"2026-07-23T10:19:57.883522+00:00","page_url":"https://stenobird.com/podcast/dr-john-campbell-7851784"},"episode":{"title":"How to probe excess deaths (clip)","slug":"how-to-probe-excess-deaths-clip","published_at":"2026-06-28T23:30:00+00:00","page_url":"https://stenobird.com/podcast/dr-john-campbell-7851784/how-to-probe-excess-deaths-clip","show_page_url":"https://stenobird.com/podcast/dr-john-campbell-7851784","url":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/VG6000413550.mp3","audio_url":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/VG6000413550.mp3","summary":"Investigating cause of excess deaths In 1965, English statistician Sir Austin Bradford Hill Causal relationships Strength The larger the association, the more likely that it is causal Consistency, (reproducibility) Consistent findings, different persons in different places Specificity No other likely explanation Temporality The effect has to occur after the cause (often with a delay) Biological gradient, (dose response relationship) Greater exposure should lead to greater incidence of the effect (or indeed lower incident of effect) Plausibility A plausible mechanism between cause and effect Coherence Between epidemiological and laboratory findings Experiment Occasionally it is possible to appeal to experimental evidence Analogy Analogies or similarities between the observed association and any other associations Reversibility May work if there is no permanent damage Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices","meta_description":"Investigating cause of excess deaths In 1965, English statistician Sir Austin Bradford Hill Causal relationships Strength The larger the association, the…","key_points":[],"chapters":[],"topics":[],"duration_seconds":565,"processing_state":"not_requested","actions":[{"name":"request_transcript","method":"POST","url":"https://stenobird.com/v1/public/podcasts/dr-john-campbell-7851784/episodes/how-to-probe-excess-deaths-clip/transcription-requests","description":"Idempotently request low-priority transcript generation for this episode."},{"name":"read_markdown","method":"GET","url":"https://stenobird.com/podcast/dr-john-campbell-7851784/how-to-probe-excess-deaths-clip.md","description":"Read the agent-friendly Markdown representation of this episode resource."}]}}